The Effects Of Tactile Communication On The Human Resource...

One type of nonverbal communication is haptics. Haptics refers to the study of communication by touch (Anonymous, 2012). According to Anonymous, 2012, â€Å"touch is necessary for human social development, and it can be welcoming, threatening, or persuasive.† The meaning of a simple touch differs between individuals, genders, and cultures. It is important for the Human Resource Manager (HRM) to recognize these differences in order to improve communication and be effective in the workplace. Tactile communication can help or hinder business and employee interactions. A firm handshake might be interpreted as confidence or credibility while other physical touches such as lingering touch on the shoulder, might be seen as being intimate (Anonymous, 2012). However, a pat on the shoulder or arm might help initiate interactions and show inclusion and respect. Proper knowledge of tactile differences among employees have important implications on how interactions unfold and relationsh ips established. The implications of tactile communication or touch is important to know not only as a HRM but as an employee working in a diverse workplace. Since we communicate a great deal through touch, there are benefits by being knowledgeable about this type of nonverbal communication and the differences among various ethnic groups. Benefits for the HRM as well as managers include respect, trust, an effective communicator, and better employee relationships. Additionally, understanding haptics enablesShow MoreRelatedDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesmymanagementlab is an online assessment and preparation solution for courses in Principles of Management, Human Resources, Strategy, and Organizational Behavior that helps you actively study and prepare material for class. Chapter-by-chapter activities, including built-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Read MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesexperience and understanding and provided the field with an imaginative resource to address the dynamics between theory and practice. Dr Susanne Tietze, Bradford University, UK The key to success for managers is not only to be result oriented but also to be wise in their decision making. This requires that they have a deeper than superficial understanding of management and organization issues. McAuley et al. helps student and managers understand organizational performance without having to go through

Family and Partnership Model Free Essays

EYMP 1 3. 1) We must work together (with parents, agencies) for the wellbeing and the progress of a child. Partnership model works around the theory of collaboration, understanding and communication. We will write a custom essay sample on Family and Partnership Model or any similar topic only for you Order Now It helps to recognise how the best results can happen when the child’s in care and that is why we all must work together. The partnership model looks like: As worker with the children, we must know everything about the child; we have to seek and share information to parents and others who are concern. In my setting, we encourage partnership by: welcome parent to join and participate in the setting, we ask the parents to contribute with ideas, comments and suggestions for the best outcome in the setting, parents can visit the centre at any time they want and can ask what they want to ask and we should be in the measure to help them. 3. 2) There are many barriers to participation for carers who are: Language issue: there are some families that English is not their first language so sometime parents are really shy to talk with people (they are not confident enough) and this increase the communication with carers and practitioners. Time issue: some times, parents don’t have enough time to be with their children and some time when they do have time they want to hang around with them not talk about them and we need to be really careful in this situation because parents may feel guilty for not having much time with their children so we have to be careful of what we are saying to them. Confident issue: some parent or carer can find it hard to be active in their children care and education because they are not confident and this because of previous experience of education or something else so we have to make sure that our contact with the parent is a positive one and that our communication skills are excellent. Phone calls issue: most parents find it easy to discuss a matter of their child over the phone but I think that it is better if parent can discuss the matter face to face with the practitioner. Disability issue: some parent or carer has a disability issue and this can be overcome will depend on the parent or carer individual need for example: a person with sight problem may access information about their child using voice message or large print. A person with earing problem may access the information by reading. How to cite Family and Partnership Model, Essay examples

Recovery Oriented Approach in Mental Health Nursing

Question: Discuss about the Recovery Oriented Approach in Mental Health Nursing. Answer: Introduction Occasional anxiety problems are very common. People often feel fear and anxious while facing problem in studies, at work or some other areas of life. But, Anxiety disorder is different. It is a continuous or more than a temporary state of having fear, stress or anxiousness. Such feeling of fear or distress can arise any time, during exams, during tests, or before making a significant decision. Anxiety disorder is a mental illness that can get worse over time. The feeling aroused by anxiety can be a barrier in daily life activities like, studies, workplace performance, relationships and socializing. The essay is based on the given case study of the 22 years old girl Georgia. She studies in University and currently she is unable to cope with the stresses in her life. According to her personal explanations, she finds difficulty in concentrating and feels panicky when her assignments are due. She lives alone in a flat, near her University and do not have much social support. This essay aims towards discussing the comprehensive understanding of the anxiety disorder and will provide interventions that could respond to the mental health needs of Georgia. The essay will also discuss the role of a health professional for quality practice towards mental illness. Sound Analysis of Anxiety Disorder According to the given case study, Georgia is suffering with Anxiety disorder. The subjective data offered in the case study shows that Georgia is facing problems in her life due to distress and anxious mood. The information provided by her informs that she is suffering with Generalized Anxiety Disorder. According to Lader (2015) Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is characterized by an excessive and inappropriate worrying that is persistent and not restricted to particular circumstances (p. 699). Generalized anxiety disorder is a psychological disorder that can result in disproportionate level of anxiety in various aspects of life. Patient often display various physical and psychological symptoms of GAD. Physical symptoms could be excessive sweating, tremors, shortness of breath, while the psychological symptoms may include fatigue, difficulty in concentrating, irritability, feeling of panic and feeling worried every time (Behar et al, 2009, p. 146). Georgia is also suffering with these physical and psychological symptoms. She finds difficulty in concentrating and often experience shortness of breath. She is not able to get her driving license, as she feels panicky and distressed, while giving the driving test. Her situation is characterized by the fact that she is not able to control her worries and could not cope with her situation. The biggest risk factor associated with generalized anxiety disorder, is having a family history of anxiety disorder. According to the Georgia, her mother has also suffered from anxiety. The risk of anxiety disorder is also associated with smoking, however in the case of Georgia; she is a non-smoker and drinks alcohol occasionally. For the diagnosis of the generalized anxiety disorder, health care professionals are required to evaluate the family history and physical assessment of the patient (Townsend, 2014, p. 51). People having the family history of anxiety disorder are more likely to suffer from this mental illness. Laboratory tests are also performed for the clinical presentation of the disorder (Behar et al, 2009, p.1112). According to the epidemiologicalstudies of the anxiety disorder, this disorder is mainly prevalent in the older adults, but can also be found in adolescents and young adults (Cuijpers et al, 2014, p. 143). Personal Recovery According to the study of Leamy et al (2011), personal recovery is a a deeply personal, unique process of changing ones attitudes, values, feelings, goals, skills and/or roles... a way of living a satisfying, hopeful and contributing life even with the limitations caused by illness (p. 445). Personal recovery is very important for the patients suffering with any kind of mental disorders. The process of recovery is a personal experience for the patients. This concept has emerged from the personal experiences of the people suffering with mental disorders. According to Slade (2009, p 41), the process of personal recovery has changed from the traditional concept of clinical preoccupation, which involves managing the disorder and avoiding any kind of future relapses. Personal recovery procedure is the new priorities of supporting the person in working towards their own goals and taking responsibility for their own life (Slade, 2009, p. 49). The process of personal recovery can be viewed as measurable dimension, which is focused on the overall well-being of the patients. According to the case study of Georgia, she has a lack of support and family history of anxiety. Recovery model is mainly refers to the way of thinking. It aims towards supporting the patient to recover from anxiety and distress and develop resilience and coping (A national framework for recovery-oriented mental health services, 2013). It not focuses only on treating the symptoms and managing the disorder, but it focuses on changing the attitude and thinking of the patients. Personal recovery process is the holistic view of mental disorder and focus on the person. This kind of recovery process is based on the belief that recovery from even the most severe mental disorder is possible (Bonney and Stickley, 2008, p. 148). Georgia requires support and assistance in recovery and developing coping skills to fight her anxiety and distress. The process of recovery will work as a journey and not just as reaching the outcome. According to Leamy et al (2011), personal recovery will work as a framework that will give priority to the individual and not to the illness (p. 452). It also focuses on identifying the contribution of the social and personal identity towards recovery. Anxiety disorder is caused due to the association of various autonomic nervous system components (Fricchione, 2004, p. 675). These components could be related to the phobias and panic disorders occurred in childhood. Georgias mother suffered from anxiety disorder, which may have resulted in occurrence of this illness in her case. She does not smoke and have never been into substance abuse, which explains that her problem is genetic. Recovery approaches for every individual are different depending upon their personal attitudes and journey (Hanna, 2015, p. 141). Thus, personal recovery framework for Georgia is very important to make her life meaningful and make her able to contribute towards community without any symptoms of mental illness. According to Glover (2012) personal recovery is viewed as living, loving, working and playing in their community. This kind of attitude by the health professional is important to support patients in their journey of recovery. Nexus between Physical and Mental Health The relationship between mental health and physical health is very significant. According to the study of Kolappa, Henderson, and Kishore (2013), mental health and physical health are intimately linked with each other. The author states that without having a proper mental health, there can be no appropriate physical health. There are various evidence based studies that display the important and relationship between both health. There is a bidirectional relationship between mental illnesses specifically depression and anxiety and physical health outcomes (Kolappa, Henderson, and Kishore, 2013, p. 3). People suffering with anxiety and other mental disorder often have adverse physical condition that hampers their daily routine and daily activities related to work, studies and socialization (Friedman, Furst, and Williams, 2010, p. 17). In case of Georgia, her problem of anxiety has deteriorated her physical and psychological health, due to which she finds difficulty in concentrating, studying and socializing. The combination of mental illness and physical problems can result in co-morbidities, such as cardiovascular diseases or high rate of depression that can further lead to suicidal tendency. According to Suls Bunde, (2005), people with depression and anxiety are at increased risk for developing cardiovascular disease (p. 260). . Georgia is suffering with generalized anxiety disorder, which is the first stage of anxiety disorder and can be controlled with appropriate interventions and recovery framework. Due to mental illness, psychological and emotional process of the body changes, which is also affected by social isolation and lack of support. This in turn increases the risk of chronic physical problems. People suffering with mental disorder, face many physical changes and symptoms. These changes could be due to psychological distress or due to treatment. Mental illness results in causing hormonal imbalance and change in sleeping pattern (Gallop, and O'Brien, 2009, p. 8). In case of Georgia, she is finding difficulty in sleeping and often feels tired. Due to such symptoms she could be vulnerable to various physical conditions, such as fatigue, Insomnia and impaired cognitive functioning (Moore et al, 2002, p. 338). According to the report of the Canadian Institute For Health Information people who report symptoms of depression also report experiencing three times as many chronic physical conditions as the general population (Canadian Mental Health Association, 2008). People who face mental illness are more likely to face poverty, unemployment, social isolation and lack of housing. Due to these social factors, the condition of people suffering with mental disorders becomes more vulnerable towards physical problems and illness. The quality of life of the people is also reduced due to mental illness. Most of the cross-sectional studies have shown that poor mental performance disturbs the cognitive functioning. Recognizing and Responding to Needs of Georgia Recognizing the recovery and care needs of the patients with mental illness is very important. Every patient requires different approach and care. In the case of Georgia, it is important to understand her psychological needs. She has been living alone away from her parents. The process of recovery is about reclaiming the sense of security and safety (Gallop and O'Brien, 2009, p. 9). Georgia requires support of her family and peers to develop the sense of security. As the healthcare professional, it is important to conceptualize her fears and threats and helping Georgia to develop resilience and coping skills. Family is the most important life of any individual that provides sense of safety (Boyd, 2008, p.10). Thus, involving her family in the recovery planning and procedure is very important. Self-exposure towards fear is very important. Georgia can be asked to face her fears and during the feeling of anxiety she can use the coping skills. Coping skills in the patient can be developed through developing therapeutic relationships between healthcare professional and patient. As, a healthcare professional it is important to display warmth, understanding towards the patients fears, being always available for patient and answering all of their questions and queries. This intervention of developing therapeutic relationships is important for putting the patient at ease, because if the nursing professionals remain like stranger than patient may not be able to share their feelings and fears (Lenze, and Wetherell, 2011, p. 383). Another important aspect of recognizing and responding to the needs of Georgia, communication is very important (Stuart, 2014, p. 5). With proper communication and patient-centered care, healthcare professionals can understand the physical and emotional problems of patient. It will further help in developing goal based interventions (Simonds et al, 2014). Georgia will be educated about her condition and negative effects of her problem. She will be informed that how she can develop resilience with support of healthcare professionals and her family (Stuart, 2014, p. 8). Positive communication will help Georgia to have sense of safety and will help her to cope with depressing and stressing situations. Implication for Future Practice as Healthcare Professional For the future implication as the healthcare professionals, it is important to deliver services that can aid in holistic approach towards recovery of patients. I will apply the appropriate nursing conducts and approaches for the overall well-being of the patients. Mental illness can cause various mental and physical health problems in patients, for which I will provide appropriate support while maintaining the professional boundaries. Anxiety is considered as contagious and can be transferred from patient to healthcare professionals. Thus, my aim would be to provide quality of care and maintaining self safety as well as patients safety. Conclusion Essay is based on the case study of Georgia, who is a 22 years old University student. Since last six months she is facing the problem of anxiety. With the evidences and discussions presented in the essay, it is found that Georgia is suffering from generalized anxiety disorder. She has the family history of anxiety, as her mother suffers from this illness. Essay reviewed the understanding the generalized mental disorder and presented the importance of personal recovery approach. Essay also provides the information about the relationship between mental health and physical health. As a healthcare professional it is important to have holistic approach and focus on overall well-being of the patients. This approach can help to enhance and promote knowledge and skills for future implications. Bibliography A national framework for recovery-oriented mental health services. 2013. Accessed: 13th October 2016. https://www.mhima.org.au/pdfs/Recovery%20Framework%202013_Policy_theory.pdf Behar, E., DiMarco, I.D., Hekler, E.B., Mohlman, J. and Staples, A.M., 2009. Current theoretical models of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD): Conceptual review and treatment implications.Journal of Anxiety Disorders,23(8), pp.1011-1023. Bonney, S. and Stickley, T., 2008. Recovery and mental health: a review of the British literature.Journal of psychiatric and mental health nursing,15(2), pp.140-153. Boyd, M.A. ed., 2008.Psychiatric nursing: Contemporary practice. lippincott Williams wilkins. Canadian Mental Health Association, 2008. The relationship between mental health, mental illness and chronic physical conditions. InCode of Ethics for Registered Nurses. CAN Ottawa. Cuijpers, P., Sijbrandij, M., Koole, S., Huibers, M., Berking, M. and Andersson, G., 2014. Psychological treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: a meta-analysis.Clinical Psychology Review,34(2), pp.130-140. Fricchione, G., 2004. Generalized anxiety disorder.New England Journal of Medicine,351(7), pp.675-682. Friedman, M.B., Furst, L.M. and Williams, K.A., 2010. Physical and mental health nexus.Aging Well,3, pp.16-19. Gallop, R. and O'Brien, L., 2009. Re-establishing psychodynamic theory as foundational knowledge for psychiatric/mental health nursing.Issues in Mental Health Nursing. Hanna, L., 2015. Generalised anxiety disorder (GAD).Psychiatry: Breaking the ICE Introductions, Common Tasks, Emergencies for Trainees, p.141. Kolappa, K., Henderson, D.C. and Kishore, S.P., 2013. No physical health without mental health: lessons unlearned?.Bulletin of the World Health Organization,91(1), pp.3-3a. Lader, M., 2015. Generalized anxiety disorder. InEncyclopedia of Psychopharmacology(pp. 699-702). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Leamy, M., Bird, V., Le Boutillier, C., Williams, J. and Slade, M., 2011. Conceptual framework for personal recovery in mental health: systematic review and narrative synthesis.The British Journal of Psychiatry,199(6), pp.445-452. Lenze, E.J. and Wetherell, J.L., 2011. A lifespan view of anxiety disorders.Dialogues Clin Neurosci,13(4), pp.381-399. Moore, P.J., Adler, N.E., Williams, D.R. and Jackson, J.S., 2002. Socioeconomic status and health: the role of sleep.Psychosomatic medicine,64(2), pp.337-344. Shepherd, G., Boardman, J. and Slade, M., 2008.Making recovery a reality(pp. 1-3). London: Sainsbury Centre for Mental Health. Simonds, L.M., Pons, R.A., Stone, N.J., Warren, F. and John, M., 2014. Adolescents with anxiety and depression: is social recovery relevant?.Clinical psychology psychotherapy,21(4), pp.289-298. Slade, M., 2009.Personal recovery and mental illness: A guide for mental health professionals. Cambridge University Press. Stuart, G.W., 2014.Principles and practice of psychiatric nursing. Elsevier Health Sciences. Suls, J. and Bunde, J., 2005. Anger, anxiety, and depression as risk factors for cardiovascular disease: the problems and implications of overlapping affective dispositions.Psychological bulletin,131(2), p.260. Townsend, M.C., 2014.Psychiatric mental health nursing: Concepts of care in evidence-based practice. FA Davis.

The Idea of Love in The Great Gatsby and the Parallels or Contrasts that Can Be Drawn with the Presentation of Love in The Catcher in the Rye

Love is the feeling which may be expressed in many different ways. The understanding of love also differs and various people have different considerations about this feeling.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Idea of Love in The Great Gatsby and the Parallels or Contrasts that Can Be Drawn with the Presentation of Love in The Catcher in the Rye specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The problems of love have been discussed by many authors and each of them tried to show something personal in that love, something unusual and different from what has already been written. Reading F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby and Jerome Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye, it is possible to state that the notion of love is presented there similarly even though the texts are absolutely different and the problems discussed there are different as well. Therefore, the main idea of this paper is to dwell upon the problem of love in each of these novels and try to consider the parallels and contrasts which may be seen. Both novels, Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby and Jerome Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye, express romantic love which exists in the dreams of the men and who never tell about their thoughts. In reality, their love is expressed roughly in case with Gatsby and is not expressed at all if to talk about Holden. While reading Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby for the first time, one may notice a desperate but thwarted love of two people who seem to have a great desire to be together, but due to particular circumstances these people could not do it. Dwelling upon thwarted love, the discussion is held about Gatsby and Daisy. Considering the love of these people, it is possible to see the devotion and the desire to be together. It is obvious that Gatsby is absorbed with Daisy, â€Å"There must have been moments even that afternoon when Daisy tumbled of his dreams â €“ not through hew own fault, but because of the colossal vitality of illusion† (Fitzgerald 78). Writing this, the author adds, â€Å"He [Gatsby] had thrown himself into it with creative passion, adding to it all the time, decking it out with every bright feather that drifted this way† (Fitzgerald 78). And when do people dream most of all? It happens during the time when they are in love and when they are ready to dream about the object of worship. Even though Gatsby’s dreams are so great and passionate, the main character is faced with the problem that he is unable to tell about his feelings. Each time he wants to present something, each time he wants to tell Daisy how great and devoted his love is, he is stubborn and cannot say anything romantic and passionate, like he can in his dreams. A great critic of American literature, Harold Bloom writes about this aspect of Gatsby’s character as follows, â€Å"Gatsby cannot tell his dreams; every attempt he makes to describe his love for Daisy collapses into banality† (Bloom 7).Advertising Looking for essay on comparative literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, it seems that the actions better disclose human feelings and the desire to accept the guilt of murder of Myrtle instead of Daisy should be considered as the expression of love and devotion. But the funerals of Gatsby and the presence there just Nick with Gatsby’s father and several servants shows the level of Daisy’s love. The problem of love and relations in Jerome Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye is absolutely different but the features of that love may be considered as the same. The main character in this novel is fall in love and this state of mind and soil continued perpetually. Discussing the novel, Mendelsohn says the following which strictly underlines the romantic mood of the Holden’s love, â€Å"You cannot really fail in love because real love with a real person might be less than perfect (this is the adolescents’ dilemma), but you cannot really do anything but look for love† (Mendelsohn 124). Reading the novel, it seems that the protagonist is afraid of growing up, that he is afraid of moving ahead as the fear of something unknown and strange frightens him. What is the result of such fear? Holden chooses the relationships, the live which is unavailable. His relation to Jane is romantic and therefore it seems unreal as the world is cruel and Romanism may be only in dreams. Supporting the idea of unreachable love, Salinger makes the hero to become attracted with the mummies in the museum he visited â€Å"I loved that damned museum† (Salinger 79) which are unreachable as well. Therefore it may be stated that the novel points at the relationships which cannot exist. Comparing and contrasting the novels The Great Gatsby by Jerome Salinger and The Catcher in the Rye by Scott F itzgerald, it is possible to draw the parallel in expressing to love and in attitude to women. The male main characters of both novels are romantics as they are dreaming too much about their lovers but in reality none of them are able to express their feelings. Even though the situations are absolutely different and Gatsby is dating with his lover and Holden just talks to Jane over the telephone. But both men are able to express their feelings only in their dreams. Thinking about their lovers, both Gatsby and Holden are able to express their feelings, they can tell them how they love and how they want to be with their women. However, the reality is absolutely different and both men do not have the words to express what they feel.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Idea of Love in The Great Gatsby and the Parallels or Contrasts that Can Be Drawn with the Presentation of Love in The Catcher in the Rye specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Considering the situation deeper and thinking about the consequences of love affairs in the novels, the men who had never dared to meet with his love, Holden who just talked over the telephone with Jane remained with the same feelings while Gatsby was killed and his love was thwarted. Therefore, it may be concluded that Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby and Jerome Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye are the novels which focus on absolutely different problems, but the idea of expressing love is the same. The authors consider various social issues and love is just the part of the discussion, however, these authors managed to show that in many cases love people feel remains in their minds. The feeling of love in these novels is romantic as the men have great dreams, they can love, but they never express what they feel and this idea makes the stories similar even though the situations and circumstances have nothing in common. Thus, the presentation of love is different as the circumstances do not coincide, while the idea of romantic love is the same. Works Cited Bloom, Harold. The Great Gatsby. New York: Infobase Publishing, 2010. Print. Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. New York: NuVision Publications, LLC, 2008. Print. Mendelsohn, Jane. â€Å"Holden Caulfield: A love story.† J.D. Salinger’s The catcher in the rye. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Infobase Publishing, 2009. 123-130. Print. Salinger, Jerome D. The Catcher in the Rye. New York: Penguin Books, Limited, 2010. Print.Advertising Looking for essay on comparative literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This essay on The Idea of Love in The Great Gatsby and the Parallels or Contrasts that Can Be Drawn with the Presentation of Love in The Catcher in the Rye was written and submitted by user Annihilus to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Februarius

Februarius When Romes founder established the calendarHe determined thered be ten months in every year.You knew more about swords than stars, Romulus, surely,Since conquering neighbours was your chief concern.Yet theres a logic that might have possessed him,Caesar, and that might well justify his error.He held that the time it takes for a mothers wombTo produce a child, was sufficient for his year.Ovid Fasti Book 1, A. S. Kline translation The early Roman calendar had only 10 months, with December (Latin decem10) the last month of the year and March the first. The month we call July, the fifth month, was number-named Quintilis (Latin quin-5) until it was renamed Julius or Iulius for Julius Caesar. In The Pre-Caesarian Calendar: Facts and Reasonable Guesses, The Classical Journal, Vol. 40, No. 2 (Nov. 1944), pp. 65-76, 20th-century Classical scholar H.J. Rose explains the 10-month calendar: The earliest Romans of whom we have any knowledge did as many other peoples have done. They counted the moons during the interesting part of the year, when farmwork and fighting were going on, and then waited till the dull times of winter were over and the spring was fairly set in (as it is by March in those latitudes of Europe) to begin counting again. Februarius (February) was not part of the original (pre-Julian, Romulean) calendar, but was added (with a variable number of days), as the month preceding the beginning of the year. Sometimes there was an additional intercalary month. [See Intercalation. Also see: The Origin of the Pre-Julian Calendar, by Joseph Dwight; The Classical Journal, Vol. 41, No. 6 (Mar. 1946), pp. 273-275.] Februarius was a month for purification, as the Lupercalia festival suggests. Originally, Februarius may have had 23 days. In time, the calendar was standardized so that all 12 months had 29 or 31 days, except for Februarius which had 28. Later, Julius Caesar re-standardized the calendar to line up with the seasons. See Julian Calendar Reform. Source [URL web.archive.org/web/20071011150909/12x30.net/earlyrom.html] Bill Hollons Roman Calendar Page. Plutarch on the Calendar Here is a passage Plutarchs life of Numa Pompilius on the Roman calendar. Sections about the Roman month Februarius (February) are highlighted. He attempted, also, the formation of a calendar, not with absolute exactness, yet not without some scientific knowledge. During the reign of Romulus, they had let their months run on without any certain or equal term; some of them contained twenty days, others thirty-five, others more; they had no sort of knowledge of the inequality in the motions of the sun and moon; they only kept to the one rule that the whole course of the year contained three hundred and sixty days. Numa, calculating the difference between the lunar and the solar year at eleven days, for that the moon completed her anniversary course in three hundred and fifty-four days, and the sun in three hundred and sixty- five, to remedy this incongruity doubled the eleven days, and every other year added an intercalary month, to follow February, consisting of twenty-two days, and called by the Romans the month Mercedinus. This amendment, however, itself, in course of time, came to need other amendments. He also altered the order of the months; for March, which was reckoned the first, he put into the third place; and January, which was the eleventh, he made the first; and February, which was the twelfth and last, the second. Many will have it, that it was Numa, also, who added the two months of January and February; for in the beginning they had had a year of ten months; as there are barbarians who count only three; the Arcadians, in Greece, had but four; the Acarnanians, six. The Egyptian year at first, they say, was of one month; afterwards, of four; and so, though they live in the newest of all countries, they have the credit of being a more ancient nation than any; and reckon, in their genealogies, a prodigious number of years, counting months, that is, as years. That the Romans, at first, comprehended the whole year within ten, and not twelve months, plainly appears by the name of the last, December, meaning the tenth month; and that March was the first is likewise evident, for the fifth month af ter it was called Quintilis, and the sixth Sextilis, and so the rest; whereas, if January and February had, in this account, preceded March, Quintilis would have been fifth in name and seventh in reckoning. It was also natural, that March, dedicated to Mars, should be Romuluss first, and April, named from Venus, or Aphrodite, his second month; in it they sacrifice to Venus, and the women bathe on the calends, or first day of it, with myrtle garlands on their heads. But others, because of its being p and not ph, will not allow of the derivation of this word from Aphrodite, but say it is called April from aperio, Latin for to open, because that this month is high spring, and opens and discloses the buds and flowers. The next is called May, from Maia, the mother of Mercury, to whom it is sacred; then June follows, so called from Juno; some, however, derive them from the two ages, old and young, majores being their name for older, and juniores for younger men. To the other months they g ave denominations according to their order; so the fifth was called Quintilis, Sextilis the sixth, and the rest, September, October, November, and December. Afterwards Quintilis received the name of Julius, from Caesar who defeated Pompey; as also Sextilis that of Augustus, from the second Caesar, who had that title. Domitian, also, in imitation, gave the two other following months his own names, of Germanicus and Domitianus; but, on his being slain, they recovered their ancient denominations of September and October. The two last are the only ones that have kept their names throughout without any alteration. Of the months which were added or transposed in their order by Numa, February comes from februa; and is as much as Purification month; in it they make offerings to the dead, and celebrate the Lupercalia, which, in most points, resembles a purification. January was so called from Janus, and precedence given to it by Numa before March, which was dedicated to the god Mars; because , as I conceive, he wished to take every opportunity of intimating that the arts and studies of peace are to be preferred before those of war. Suggested Reading Why Rome FellNorse Story of CreationNaqsh-i-Rustam: The Tomb of Darius the Great

The Origins of the Domesticated Grapevine

The Origins of the Domesticated Grapevine Domesticated grapevine (Vitis vinifera, sometimes called V. sativa) was one of the most important fruit species in the classic Mediterranean world, and it is the most important economic fruit species in the modern world today. As in the ancient past, sun-loving grapevines are today cultivated to produce fruits, which are eaten fresh (as table grapes) or dried (as raisins), and, most especially, to make wine, a drink of great economic, cultural, and symbolic value. The Vitis family consists of about 60 inter-fertile species that exist almost exclusively in the Northern Hemisphere: of those, V. vinifera is the only one extensively used in the global wine industry. Approximately 10,000 cultivars of V. vinifera exist today, although the market for wine production is dominated by only a handful of them. Cultivars are typically classified according to whether they produce wine grapes, table grapes, or raisins. Domestication History Most evidence indicates that V. vinifera was domesticated in Neolithic southwest Asia between ~6000–8000 years ago, from its wild ancestor V. vinifera spp. sylvestris, sometimes referred to as V. sylvestris. V. sylvestris, while quite rare in some locations, currently ranges between the Atlantic coast of Europe and the Himalayas. A second possible center of domestication is in Italy and the western Mediterranean, but so far the evidence for that is not conclusive. DNA studies suggest that one reason for the lack of clarity is the frequent occurrence in the past of purposeful or accidental cross-breeding of domestic and wild grapes. The earliest evidence for wine production- in the form of chemical residues inside pots- is from Iran at Hajji Firuz Tepe in the northern Zagros mountains about 7400–7000 BP. Shulaveri-Gora in Georgia had residues dated to the 6th millennium BC. Seeds from what are believed to be domesticated grapes have been found in Areni Cave in southeastern Armenia, about 6000 BP, and Dikili Tash from northern Greece, 4450–4000 BCE. DNA from grape pips thought to be domesticated was recovered from Grotta della Serratura in southern Italy from levels dated to 4300–4000 cal BCE. In Sardinia, the earliest dated fragments come from the Late Bronze Age levels of the Nuragic culture settlement of Sa Osa, 1286–1115 cal BCE. Diffusion By about 5,000 years ago, grapevines were traded out to the western margin of the Fertile Crescent, the Jordan Valley, and Egypt. From there, the grape was spread throughout the Mediterranean basin by various Bronze Age and Classical societies. Recent genetic investigations suggest that at this distribution point, the domestic V. vinifera was crossed with local wild plants in the Mediterranean. According to the 1st century BCE Chinese historical record Shi Ji, grapevines found their way into East Asia in the late 2nd century BCE, when General Qian Zhang returned from the Fergana Basin of Uzbekistan between 138–119 BCE. Grapes were later brought to Changan (now Xian city) via the Silk Road. Archaeological evidence from the steppe society Yanghai Tombs indicates, however, that grapes were grown in the Turpan Basin (at the western edge of what is today China) by at least 300 BCE. The founding of Marseille (Massalia) about 600 BCE is thought to have been connected with grape cultivation, suggested by the presence of a large number of wine amphorae from its early days. There, Iron Age Celtic people bought large quantities of wine for feasting; but overall viticulture was slow-growing until, according to Pliny, retired members of the Roman legion moved to the Narbonnaisse region of France at the end of the 1st century BCE. These old soldiers grew grapes and mass-produced wine for their working colleagues and the urban lower classes. Differences Between Wild and Domestic Grapes The main difference between wild and domestic forms of grape is the wild forms ability to cross-pollinate: wild V. vinifera can self-pollinate, while domestic forms cannot, which allows farmers to control a plants genetic characteristics. The domestication process increased the size of bunches and berries, and the berrys sugar content as well. The end result was greater yields, more regular production, and better fermentation. Other elements, such as larger flowers and a wide range of berry colors- particularly white grapes- are believed to have been bred into the grape later in the Mediterranean region. None of these characteristics are identifiable archaeologically, of course: for that, we must rely on changes in grape seed (pips) size and shape and genetics. In general, wild grapes bear roundish pips with short stalks, while domestic varieties are more elongated, with long stalks. Researchers believe the change results from the fact that larger grapes have larger, more elongated pips. Some scholars suggest that when pip shape varies within a single context, that probably indicates viticulture in process. However, in general, using shape, size, and form is only successful if the seeds were not deformed by carbonization, water-logging, or mineralization. All of those processes are what allows grape pits to survive in archaeological contexts. Some computer visualization techniques have been used to examine pip shape, techniques which hold promise to resolve this issue. DNA Investigations and Specific Wines So far, DNA analysis doesnt really help either. It supports the existence of one and possibly two original domestication events, but so many deliberate crossings since then have blurred researchers ability to identify the origins. What does seem apparent is that cultivars were shared across wide distances, along with multiple events of vegetative propagation of specific genotypes throughout the wine-making world. Speculation is rampant in the non-scientific world about the origins of specific wines: but so far scientific support of those suggestions is rare. A few that are supported include the Mission cultivar in South America, which was introduced into South America by Spanish missionaries as seeds. Chardonnay is likely to have been the result of a medieval-period cross between Pinot Noir and Gouais Blanc that took place in Croatia. The Pinot name dates to the 14th century and might have been present as early as the Roman Empire. And Syrah/Shiraz, despite its name suggesting an Eastern origination, arose from French vineyards; as did Cabernet Sauvignon. Sources Bouby, Laurent, et al. Bioarchaeological Insights into the Process of Domestication of Grapevine (Vitis Vinifera L.) During Roman Times in Southern France. PLoS ONE 8.5 (2013): e63195. Print.Gismondi, Angelo, et al. Grapevine Carpological Remains Revealed the Existence of a Neolithic Domesticated Vitis Vinifera L. Specimen Containing Ancient DNA Partially Preserved in Modern Ecotypes. Journal of Archaeological Science 69.Supplement C (2016): 75-84. Print.Jiang, Hong-En, et al. Archaeobotanical Evidence of Plant Utilization in the Ancient Turpan of Xinjiang, China: A Case Study at the Shengjindian Cemetery. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 24.1 (2015): 165-77. Print.McGovern, Patrick E., et al. Beginnings of Viniculture in France. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110.25 (2013): 10147-52. Print.Orrà ¹, Martino, et al. Morphological Characterisation of Vitis Vinifera L. Seeds by Image Analysis and Comparison with Archaeological Remains . Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 22.3 (2013): 231-42. Print. Pagnoux, Clà ©mence, et al. Inferring the Agrobiodiversity of Vitis Vinifera L. (Grapevine) in Ancient Greece by Comparative Shape Analysis of Archaeological and Modern Seeds. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 24.1 (2015): 75-84. Print.Ucchesu, Mariano, et al. Predictive Method for Correct Identification of Archaeological Charred Grape Seeds: Support for Advances in Knowledge of Grape Domestication Process. PLOS ONE 11.2 (2016): e0149814. Print.Ucchesu, Mariano, et al. Earliest Evidence of a Primitive Cultivar of Vitis Vinifera L. During the Bronze Age in Sardinia (Italy). Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 24.5 (2015): 587-600. Print.Wales, Nathan, et al. The Limits and Potential of Paleogenomic Techniques for Reconstructing Grapevine Domestication. Journal of Archaeological Science 72.Supplement C (2016): 57-70. Print.Zhou, Yongfeng, et al. Evolutionary Genomics of Grape (Vitis Vinifera Ssp. Vinifera) Domestication. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114.44 (2017 ): 11715-20. Print.

Columbia HCA Fraud Case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Columbia HCA Fraud Case - Essay Example My goal is to relate the case to the subject of Business Ethics and derive important lessons on how business should be conducted. Reading thru the case study, we can discern the numerous causal factors of the federal investigation of Columbia/ HCA. From what I can understand, the investigation was brought about by a combination of internal and external factors which is presented below: It was started in June 1996 by Treasury Secretary Robert Rubin that the Medicare program will go broke by 2001 with the way funds are being spent. Expenditures were increasing exponentially with $160 billion for the 1994 fiscal year. That's about $440 million per day. By the year 2003, it is projected that it will mushroom to $380 billion or $1 billion per day according to the Congressional Budget Office. As a general observation, any activity that increases or decreases suddenly is subject to the curiosity of other people especially when it involves large amounts of money. This being the case, it only took a matter of time before it caught the attention of government authorities who have become very keen in finding ways to eliminate unnecessary expenditures and catching fraudulent transactions. The arguments used by the managers to justify the large increase in Medicare costs was the increase in efficiency, more expensive equipment and better accounting practices. These arguments alone are enough to stir speculations because Medicare expenditures should rise due to the rise in harder-to-treat diseases requiring more expensive medication. Does it make sense then that there was an increase in acute and chronic disease when the health care service became more efficient Does it mean those doctors in the past misdiagnosed patients and when Columbia/HCA came into the picture, they suddenly became experts in diagnosis (Remember that most of the doctors were still those under the past management) New Legislation Protecting Whistleblowers Whistleblowers are those that expose the anomalies of their employees, partners, and co-employees. Anomalous activities, in this case, refers to fraudulent acts that cheat the government (and consequently the taxpayers) of their money. It may include tax evasion and false claims. In the past, whistleblowers were exposed to retribution by the entities who they claim is engaged in anomalous activities. They could only expect minimal attention from the authorities and if ever they were given such attention, they could only expect minimal legal assistance so why bother being one Unless you have very deep grievances against the person, being a whistleblower was a risky venture. With the new legislation, more legal protection for the whistleblower was provided. Incentives were also offered such as the 30% of the recovered money going to the whistleblower which was mentioned in the reading. With the combination of these two important measures, whistle-blowing became a less risky venture. The focus of Government Authorities in Stemming Corruption.

Summary Dismissal of Mark Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Summary Dismissal of Mark - Essay Example In the case of Mark, the employer had some grounds which could warrant for summary dismissal and he went ahead to dismiss him. From the point of view of Mark, the action of the employer is unlawful and as such it constitutes an unfair dismissal. The grievances of Mark presented in the case study are true and they form a ground upon which he can appeal against the termination of his contract. In this regards, I will argue that wrongful dismissal and violation of his rights as the basis upon which he can appeal against the dismissal. In summary dismissal, there has to be a proof of gross misconduct. In this case, Mark disobeyed a direct disorder from his superior.However, the manner in which it was carried out was not procedural. First off, the dismissal was not in tandem with the usual meaning of this type of dismissal which is instant.The case states clearly that Mark had been asked to work overtime which he refused and a fierce confrontation ensued.Although arguing with superiors is wrong especially in front of other employees, it does not warrant summary dismissal. He was allowed to go home and the next day after he had reported for work; he was given his marching orders after starting his work for the day. In this regards, if indeed summary dismissal was the case, it should have been done the previous day and not the next day after working for some time. ... In Marks case, it appears that the employer was trying to coerce him to fore gore his own commitments for the company’s sake. Such an unprecedented step to coerce an employee to work overtime constitutes violation of an employee’s rights2. Mark is therefore entitled to appeal his summary dismissal on the basis of gross violation of his employee rights. Dismissal of Simon Redundancy is major factor that is considered by employers when they are dismissing their employees. For dismissal on redundancy ground to be fair, the employer must be able to show consistent statistics in terms of underlying problem that led to the dismissal. To give more credence to redundancy dismissal, the employer must consult widely with other stakeholders as well as the concerned employee. However, regardless of whatever method is used to dismiss an employee, the employer must have a formal meeting with the earmarked employee for dismissal. In this meeting, the employee is given an explanation a s to why the employer is terminating the employment contract3. In the case of Simon, the employer used laid down procedures of the company to come up with a trumped charge of poor performance as the basis of his dismissal. First off, this is not a case of poor performance because the underlying problem is change of system from manual to a computerised system. Regardless of human learning capabilities and ingenuity, it is utterly impossible for one to learn new systems in under a month. When the company (Fit & Well Co. Ltd.) was instituting changes, it did not warn the employees to make the necessary preparations to adapt to changes in the work place. Similarly, after making changes in the

Food Ins. Essay Example for Free

Food Ins. Essay 1. If animals should have certain rights, do you think those rights also apply to animals we raise for food, like chickens or pigs? Are there any rights that these farm animals should have? If so, what are they? One animal does not have greater importance over another, such as one human is not more life worthy than another. In this case to say certain animals should have rights whereas others should not is wrong. So yes a dog and a chicken should have rights and the same rights. The more difficult question is what exactly these rights should be. It is reasonable to try to prevent the most obvious cases of gratuitous suffering or torture of animals, but beyond that, non-human animals yes deserve to be given â€Å"rights†, but cannot simply be granted. The animals are treated like scum, kept in the dark with no concept of an outside world. Some rights they should be graced with are the right to the outdoors, and the right to roam. 2. How do you think farm animals should be treated? How do your ideas compare to what you saw in the film? It seems as if each industry in the film has the power to define cruelty. This is as ridiculous as giving a burglar the power to determine their punishment. Why these industries are not charged with aggravated cruelty to animals is something I cannot understand. Is it not the same to kick a dog or kick a chicken with the same anger? 3. Richard Lobb of the National Chicken Council says in the film, â€Å"In a way, we’re not producing chickens, we’re producing food. † What does this statement mean? Do you agree or disagree with it? How might this perspective affect the way that chickens are raised? 4. Many of us were surprised to learn that corn is so prevalent in our foods. Why do you think we were so surprised? Of course people are surprised to find out corn is so prevalent because the problem is it’s not even just in foods! When there is some kind of soy or corn in batteries, diapers, Motrin, charcoal, etc. you know there is a big problem. 5. Do you think the government and food producers have kept it a secret? Why don’t more people know this fact? This unfortunately is not something you can blame on the food producers; it’s simply the consumers fault for not looking at the ingredients on a food label. I believe people do not know the facts due to ignorance and laziness. Bottom line is if people realize what is in their food they will have to make a change which is usually not cost effective and more time consuming which these days is very undesirable. 6. Food labels actually do list corn-based ingredients, but not always in a recognizable way. How do you feel about ingredients being included in your diet without your knowledge? If you have a question about something, isn’t it common knowledge to ask about it. Google these days tells you everything you want to know and more so people can easily read the ingredients and research a word unknown to them.

Affirmative Action Essay -- Affirmative Action Essays

What can be done about the majority of higher paying jobs going to the white males, and the issue of racial/sexual discrimination in both the workplace and in education? To this, the government already has its so-called solution†¦ affirmative action. Affirmative action forces businesses and colleges to hire a certain number of minorities including women, so as to fill a government assessed quota. The solution is not to get even with the white males by disregarding either their hard work through high school to achieve the grade to get into their desired college or their superiority over a competitor for a job position just because the competitor happens to belong to a minority group. Affirmative Action was created to make up for past prejudices in an effort to create more equality between majorities and minorities. It requires businesses to hire a certain number of blacks, Asian, Latin-American, and women so that it will create more opportunities for people of minorities. Colleges also require a less severe requirement for those of a minority party because the number of the people that did fit the requirement would not fit the quota. Thus, many more deserving majority Americans were denied jobs and acceptance to college because the quota had to be met. Firstly, Affirmative Action promotes the hiring of less skilled workers, thus creating reverse discrimination. It upsets employers, forcing them to choose the best employee from a limited pool of minorities, not just si...

European and Asian continents Essay

The author Jared Diamond in the book Guns, Germs and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies writes that the alternative title for his book would probably be a short history about everyone for the last 13,000 years. This topic will explain the author’s main argument as well as cite a passage where he states his points clearly. We will also give two proximate and two ultimate factors to support his claims, ending with an evaluation of his main argument. It should be noted that the main argument the author brings forward in this book has been mentioned quite well in the preface the rest of the book merely acts as a supplement to his main idea. The main argument in this book is summed up clearly in the following question: â€Å"Why did wealth and power become distributed as they now are, rather than in some other way? For instance, why weren’t Native Americans, Africans, and Aboriginal Australians the ones who decimated, subjugated, or exterminated Europeans and Asians? † (Diamond p. 13-32,1999) He explains this by saying that the advancements in culture in the European and Asian continents are not due to their moral, intellectual or genetic superiority. Rather the gaps in development are mostly due to the geographical advantages each race had. He says that the earliest civilizations were hunter-gatherers before they eventually developed a system of agriculture. This of course leads to the production of food surpluses such supports larger populations and in effect a larger population necessitates a division of labor. This leads to large societies with ruling classes and supporting classes which in turn becomes a ruling organization. He explains two Ultimate factors which lead civilizations down this path, a large east/west axis and easily domestic able food and animals. â€Å"There were also great differences in the completeness with which suites of crops and livestock spread, again implying stronger or weaker barriers to their spreading† (Diamond p. 176-192, 1999). He says that the early advantages of finding suitable plants to grow and domesticated animals helped certain cultures advance further than others. Genetically geographical areas decide whether certain crops will be wild or domesticated. It also decides the animals that will inhabit the area. â€Å"Most of the wild species from which our crops were derived vary genetically from area to area, because alternative mutations had become established among; wild ancestral populations of different areas†. (Diamond pg 176-192, 1999) For example the Middle East had the best collection of plants and animals suitable for domestication. And as they began to trade they found the importance of using horses and donkeys as transport. In contrast in Africa they had to contend with growing wild plants such as sorghum and yams. Animals such as zebras could not be domesticated and those animals which flourished in one area could not survive in the other. â€Å"South Africa’s Mediterranean climate would have been ideal for them, but the 2,000 miles of tropical conditions between Ethiopia and South Africa posed an insuperable barrier†. (Diamond pg 176-192, 1999) He also says that the east-west axis is certain countries were essential to the advancements of their societies through trade. While the north-south axis of certain countries such as Africa promoted slow diffusion. The title of this book sums up the two proximate factors that lead to the dominance of the Eurasian races and the displacement and subjugation of the Africans, Native Americans and Aborigines. In terms of germs the Eurasians increasing levels of trade and use of livestock increased the number of pathogens they were exposed to forcing immunity among their populace. When they met the indigenous tribes of South America these diseases dwindled their populations to a point where the Europeans could subjugate them. â€Å"As a result, over the course of history, human populations repeatedly exposed to a particular pathogen have come to consist of a higher proportion of individuals with those genes for resistance–just because unfortunate individuals without the genes were less likely to survive to pass their genes on to babies† (Diamond p. 195-214, 1999). The technological progress of these people also depended on food production. The increasing organizational systems and trade with other areas provided them with the tools to develop a writing system of their own. This writing system was essential to the continued technological development of societies. â€Å"Here we have to remind ourselves that the vast majority of societies with writing acquired it by borrowing it from neighbors or by being inspired by them to develop it, rather than by independently inventing it themselves† (Diamond p. 215-238, 1999). After reading this book I found myself agreeing with many of the author’s contentions about our history. It is difficult to conceive that the history of human civilization was decided even before it births. However the argument the author provides not only for the agricultural advancements but also in terms of geopolitical advancements seem as true as they are simple to understand. If I had to point out one fault it would be that the author speaks of competing civilizations in terms of continents rather than individual societies. It is unreasonable to me that all the societies on a continent would follow a singular goal of increasing their footprint upon the earth. Additionally he does not adequately expand his theory to include the society of ancient Egypt, which despite its geographical commonality through several decades managed to go through several periods of dominance and subjugation. However, the book itself is an essential read when taken as a viable theory of the history of human civilization. References Diamond, J. M. (1999). Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. New York: W. W. Norton & Co.

Police Essay

Some more Information about the investigation to date: The Australian Crime Commission and the Crime and Misconduct Commission (SLD) had been kept In the loop by the QPS since the early stages of this Investigation, because of their interest in illicit firearm sales and organized crime. Upon learning of Crag's arrest, the AC expressed an interest in interviewing him about his knowledge of and connections to a high-profile outlaw motorcycle gang operating on the coast. Craig:Craig was arrested by QPS officers at his home. He made It clear that he intended to exercise his right to remain silent, so no QPS interview took place. However, as the investigation falls within the ambit of the Sac's Highest Risk Criminal Targets Special Investigation, an AC examiner has available special powers that can compel Craig to attend and give evidence at an AC hearing. The AC decides that this Is an appropriate way to proceed at this stage. Answer the following questions 1. Can Craig refuse to attend the hearing? What would happen if he did?Provide 2 thoughtful arguments why you think the establishment of ‘new investigators' such as the AC or CM is necessary and/or appropriate. 4. Provide 2 thoughtful arguments why you think the establishment of ‘new Investigators' such as the AC or CM Is not necessary and/or appropriate. Police Essay By Soapstone Some more information about the investigation to date: had been kept in the loop by the QPS since the early stages of this investigation, because of their interest in illicit firearm sales and organized crime.Upon learning of Craig arrest, the AC expressed an interest in interviewing him about his knowledge Craig was arrested by QPS officers at his home. He made it clear that he intended to attend and give evidence at an AC hearing. The AC decides that this is an Craig attends the hearing and provides the examiner with useful information to continue the investigation into the outlaw motorcycle gang, although not sufficient investigators' such as the AC or CM is not necessary and/or appropriate.

Braveheart Summary essays

Braveheart Summary essays The movie "Braveheart" starts off in Scotland, 1280 AD. We see a little William Wallace, following his father, Malcom Wallace to a meeting between noblemen. Whne they arrive at the place of the meeting, they find everyone had been hung by King Edward "The Longshanks". Days later, Malcom, his eldest son John, and other Scottish farmers set off to fight. The next day, William's father and brother are brought home dead. They are laid to rest and soon after William's uncle, Argile, comes to adopt him. Argile promises to teach young William how to use his mind before he shows him how to wield a sword. Argile then brings William back home with him. Years later, King Edward marries his son, Prince Edward, to Princess Isabella, the daughter of the King of France. William returns to his hometown after many years of being away. He falls in love with Murron, who as a little girl gave him a flower at his father's funeral. Soon after, they get married in secret to avoid "Prima Nocta", a law enforced by the King that allows a noble to consecrate a new marriage by having the new wife in his bed for the first night. Instead they consecrate their marriage on their own, but I wouldn't know how because a certain teacher edited out these parts of the movie. Then a crazy solider tries to rape Murron, who then is saved by William. William and Murron separate during their escape, and Murron ends up being captured. The towns' Magistrate slits her throat to teach the townspeople not the attack his soldiers and to try and lure Wallace to fight him. An angry Wallace leads the men of the town in a revolt. They kill all the soldiers, sei ze the fort, and Wallace avenges his wife's death by slitting the throat of the Magistrate. Other towns and clans, hearing of this rebellion come, and join Wallace. They then begin their rampage of the English by infiltrating a local noble's fort/. The kill him, burn the fort, and send the remaining Englis...

Book Report on Rick Riordans The Battle of The Labyrinth

In half Human Camp, semi-god has nothing more than danger. Percy Jackson is the son of Poseidon, the mother of those who escape death. He attends summer camp every summer. When old rival Luke discovers the power of the maze, Percy and his friend Cyberg's Anabel and Tyson have to get off the maze. Before Luca, they had to find the maze, creator of Daedalus. In addition, Rick Ridan's wonderful writing and wording adventure novel The Battle of the Maze is an important complement to this series of books directly related to Greek mythology. A non-standard book by Rick Riordan, an unusual pandava quartet by Rick Riordan. Apollo mentioned Indra, but Dionysus said he had fought with Brama in the past, but I did not know if the following applies to them outside the Pandawa Quartet. They are different from other semi-gods. Some of them have gods / goddesses as father / mothers and humans as other parents. But Pandavas is a reincarnated version of the Pandava brothers in particular. They do not have God as their literal parents, but God helped to create their souls. But these are just Pandawa, the other half of Hinduism is customary. Percy Jackson and Olympic athletes are a series of fantasy / adventure stories by Rick Riordan published by the Disney Hyperion book for children. There are five books in the series. Lightning Thief, the sea of ​​the monsters, the curse of Titan, the battle of the maze, and the final Olympics. The series started in The Lightning Thief in 2005 and ended in The Last Olympian in 2009. These books speak the story of the son of 12 year old Percy Jackson and Poseidon. Percy and friends Grover and Anabes have to accept his tradition and help to prevent the huge Cronos from getting too much power.

G-8 Says World Economic Prospects Still Weak Essay

G-8 Says World Economic Prospects Still Weak - Essay Example ng to the improper banking regulations that existed in European countries along with the United States and Japan. As per the article, measures have been formulated in order to curb issues in relation to budget deficits and develop strong banking union through the implementation of efficient fiscal policy amid G8 nations for effective growth of world economy. These nations have worked collectively in order to strengthen the banking rules which would underpin the whole of the Euro zone. Additionally, the implementation of these changes in structure along with principles in relation to banking policies is perceived to enhance the economic conditions on a global context. The banking sector of European nations, the US and Japan are required to modify or reform their banking practices and systems with the objective of developing world economy and banking union (CNBC LLC, 2013). Factors to be Discussed The discussion will emphasize relevant studies that are parallel to the common economic e vents which include recession and inflation. One of the primary objectives of this research would be to analyze the moves that will be made for building a proper banking practice towards a strong banking union. The highlighting factors would be to analyze the underpinning issues that are seemed to trouble the overall banking system. Moreover, the various reforms and modifications in the banking principles and systems will be studied which are to be implemented by Japan and European nations. Along with all the other nations, the economic condition of the United States will be analyzed as well. 2.0 Discussion on the Economic Problem Issue The financial crisis situations had adversely impacted the banking operations and principles in an immense manner on global perspectives. Various reforms and policies have been implemented within banking sector with the aim of enhancing its operations and reviving the economic conditions. Cause of Problem The main factors related to the discussed iss ue in the article include the extensive economic growth of other countries and structural reforms that seemed to put the European countries under extreme pressure. The main areas of concern were identified to be the reformation of banks and its various policies in order to improve the financial policies of the European countries and G8 nations. The major cause of the problem was that the output was not delivered according to the requirements of the banking customers. Funds collected through banks were not allocated in an orderly manner which resulted in improper regulations of the banking functions or operations (International Monetary Fund. European Dept., 2013). Impact on Economy, Society or Even Political Stability The problems related to financial policies and reformation in banking sector seemed to have drastic effects on the economical, societal and political fronts which were a crucial problem for the Euro zone countries. The situations relating to the above factors were very drastic. The nations on the economic front got adversely affected because of the inappropriate banking regulations and various fiscal policies that were unable to ascertain the monetary standards of the nations. The main point of concern was the ineffective performance of the banking sector. The countries were planning to design various policies and regulations in relation to the

Women and leadership Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Women and leadership - Literature review Example 5). The entrance of the female is almost constant though there has been the instance where female have been crossing over to the courses that were regarded as masculine. It was also noted that men entry and advancement into the nursing profession is being hampered by discrimination in the specific specialties such as obstetrics and gynecology where females have been given preference over men. Consequently, there is an increased influx of men in other specialties of nursing. The leadership style between women and men has a clear distinction. According to Solbraekke & Heggen (2013) women in the leadership is associated with certain aspects of which they emphasize. Such aspects include nurturing tendencies and communication. On others side the men in leadership are not associated with the communication but responsibility and being accountable for every task given to the employees. Furthermore, women in leadership has been observed by Solbraekke & Heggen (2013) as being communal in their leadership in that they make it inclusive in participation than men in leadership who tend to be isolative and so directive to the employees (647). This makes the leadership of women to be perceived as being educative and upbringing more leaders in being than men. Other differences shown by Erel & Reynold (2014) is indicative that has been brought to the fore is that women have feminine advantage in the leadership (108). The advantage according to Collins & Meyer (2014) is as result of their better intrapersonal relationship with the staff unlike their male counterparts who the research conducted by Collins & Meyer (2014) describe that most of them have despotic tendencies (667). The other aspect that derail the leadership of women according to Solbraekke & Heggen (2013) is that it they lack the commanding power, hence in times of need of command, and the situation may end bei ng dire (650-653). The

Mental health and crime casestudy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Mental health and crime casestudy - Essay Example Hayley’s story is just one case study of many that victimizes the mentally challenged for being unable to constructively handle their disease and/or their afflictions. In actuality, those struggling with their mental health fall to the wayside because of the way they are treated by their communities and society, and the many factors that come with their mental health, not because of it. Our culture cannot stigmatize people like Hayley anymore, people who might otherwise be productive. Though people with mental health issues often get help and lead to productive lives, much of the time society doesn’t deal with mental disorders in a constructive manner, both in a communal sense and for the best interest of the individual. First, there is the initial problem in defining what a â€Å"mental disorder† actually is. According to Andrew E. Skodol’s book Psychopathology and Violent Crimes, this question can be traced back to Aristotle, where â€Å"confusion about the reality of a situation might provide a moral excuse for persons who acted unlawfully in response to their beliefs (Skodol, 1998).† Jeremy Coid did a study of men in U.K. prisons and the results showed that many of them tested positively for borderline personality disorder and antisocial personality disorder. Coid did not make any conclusions as to what specifically differentiated these men from their U.K. counterparts who resided in mental health centers, though he did conclude that â€Å"low socioeconomic status, family dysfunction and inadequate parenting seem to form the genesis of violent behavior (Butterfield, 1997).† The Great Britain Penal System seems to be (in comparison to their American penal system counte rpart) more understanding in nuances and distinctions of where to place people who have been convicted of crimes yet are diagnosed with

Causes of Rwandas Involvement in the DRC

Causes of Rwandas Involvement in the DRC To what extent has Rwandas involvement  in the DRC been of economically  rather than militarily motivated? Abstract Conflict! That word represents the history of Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, in terms of their internal struggles as to who will control the destinies of these countries. The saga has encompassed over forty years, and as neighbours, has affected and impacted both countries negatively. Africa is known for its high degree of internal power struggles that have left its masses in poverty as a result of its leaders seeking political control at almost any cost. This condition has not escaped either Rwanda or the Democratic Republic of the Congo. This study shall seek to understand the dynamics of the national connection between Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo in terms of the extent that Rwanda’s involvement has been economically or militarily oriented. The preceding represents the opportunity to examine the relationship of these two neighbouring countries to uncover the extent as well as nature of the dynamics that have and are shaping their interaction. Introduction The purpose of this examination has broad and far-reaching implications, in that it seeks to look ate the very core of the relationship of these two African nation states. As such, the objectives will entail: The formulation of an understanding of the historical nuances and overt interaction between these two countries. Taking a look at the military as well as economic involvement. Delving into the political and regional circumstances that have had and or are having a bearing on the foregoing. Equating the extent that military or economic involvement has been and or is an issue The nature of this inquiry requires an examination of two dissimilar areas, economics and military activities, as well as how these might and or have dovetailed into each other, as the lines of separation are not always clear. Background Key to understanding the nature of the question that asks the extent that Rwanda’s involvement with the Democratic Republic of the Congo has been economically rather than militarily motivated, a brief understanding of the histories of these two countries will provide a foundational underpinning to uncover the direction of their relationship and national connections. Rwanda is located in the east-central region of Africa, bordered by Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, in an area that measures 26,338 square kilometres[1]. Figure 1 – Map of Rwanda[2] Orginally inhabited by a Pygmy tribe called the Twa, the agriculuturally founded Hutus suplanted them some six centuries ago[3]. In order to plant crops the Hutus cleared forests and established permanent settlements[4]. The Twa still remian in Rwanda, although their population is estimated to number approximately 1 percent of the overall total[5]. As was the case with Africa in that period, other tribes migrated to the region, whose greenery and grasslands drew the cattle owning Tutsi[6]. Aslo known as Watutsi, they came to the region of Rwanda around the 1600s and were consisted as more elite than the Hutus even though the two groups speak the same language[7]. Part of the reason as to why the Tutsi (Watutsi) were considered elite is that they are extremely tall, averaging 2.1 metres in height, and of thin build[8]. The aristocratic leanings of the Tutsi, they held the peasant Hutu in fuedal subjugation[9]. The opinions on the differences between the cultures of the Hutu and Tutis is marginal, consisting primarly of the agricultural versus cattle tendencies of the aforementioned. Considerable intermarriage between the two groups further watered down differences, with the couple assuming the race of the fathers, and the difference in terms of tribe constructed along the lines of a caste system whereby the Tutsi are considered the higher class[10]. Prior to the arrival of the Germans, the administration system that existed in Rwanda was highly organised and presided over by what is termed as a Umwami (king) that was usually of the Nyiginya clan of a Tutsi sub-group[11]. In the administrative pecking order the Umwami had almost absolute power, and was assisted bt three chiefs[12]: A military chief that oversaw the army and saw to the maintenance of integrity of the territory and expansion. A cattle chief that supervised all matters representing cattle, grazing as well as the settlement of disputes, and A land chief that oversaw agriculture, produce and allied concerns. The preceding is in keeping with the cultural make up of the territory that was comprised of cattle and agricultural tribes, along with their protection and securing additional lands. Within the aforementioned pecking order the Umwami and the military and cattle chiefs were Tutsi, with the agricultural chief generally being Hutu[13]. The Rwandan society represents a system that is termed as ubuhake, that is a type of caste system of the landed gentry, the less landed, and the ordinary citizens[14]. There are those who argue that in reality that the economic system of Ubuhake enables a symbitic relationship between the wealthy and priveged calsses with the less priviliged[15]. The preceding system and class relationsips enjoyed a 400 year history of peacefulness. The German’s colonised Rwanda in 1899, ruling the country indirectly through the Mwami and the three chieftans via a protecorate arrangement as a result of the effectiveness of the Rwandan Ubuhabe system[16]. During the first World War the country became known as Ruanda-Urundi, which represented a combination of Rwanda and Burundi under a Belgian League of Nations mandate[17]. The preceding established a trust territory under the United Nations that lasted until 1946[18]. During that period the Belgium administration at first maintained Tutsi dominance in the Ubuhabe governmental system overseen by the Mwani and the three chieftans[19]. The preceding was slowly changed to a power sharing arrangement between the Tutsi and Hutu after ethnic tensions escalated into a civil war that forced a large number of Tutsi to leave the country[20]. The 1st of July 1962 saw the mandated country of Ruanda-Urundi seperated back into Rwanda and Burundi, with the more numberous Hutu’s rul ing the country. With a majority of the population represented by Hutu (85%), to just 15% for the Tutsi, the change in political structure in 1962 was inevitable[21]. It is important to note that the conflict between the Hutu and Tutsi began as early as the 1950s when Tutsi forces attacked the Hutu politician Dominique Mbonyumutwa, setting off what is called â€Å"†¦ the wind of destruction †¦Ã¢â‚¬  as the Hutu attacked the Tutsi population[22]. In 1959 the Hutus overthrew the Tutsi king, which also contributed to the preceding[23]. Some 150,000 Tutsi that flew the country as a result of Hutu control setting up guerrila goups in neighboring countries, noteably Uganda[24]. Over the ensuing years, the children of the exiles formed the Rwandan Patriotic Front, that started a civil war in 1990[25]. The preceding historical background is important in understanding the chain of events that transpired in Rwanda, bringing it to present day. That history, present day stemming from the 1990s, contains the fore runner as well as aftermath of events that represent the purpose of this study, that will be investigated in a review of literature to delve into background facets. As Rwanda represents the central country in this study, the Democratic Republic of the Congo shall be explored later. The focus of this examination is to look into the extent that the involvement of Rwanda with the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has been movitivated more by economics than military reasons. Methodology The investigation as proposed by this study is a question that entails looking deeply into the status and ramifications of the relations of these two countries on a number of levels. As it is probable that there is no literature or other research information available that equates this question directly, the approach to this study will have to take on varied directions and research approaches to uncover information germane to the examination. The preceding being the general overall case, the research methodology will of course include a wide breathe of secondary research sources to secure historical as well as contemporary information. Given that this study entails two sovereign countries, the history between these two nations represents the logical starting point, as the timeline of convergence with respect to the Rwanda and the Congo thus represents the starting point in examining the nature of their relations. The preceding represents a key to this study as the answer to the question as posed by this examination exists somewhere within the foregoing. Secondary research provides the opportunity to review the largest and broadest amount of information possible as it entails books, journals, magazine articles, newspapers and Internet sources[26]. The foregoing affords the opportunity to look at many differing facets, as the scope of economic and military interaction can take on many forms, especially in the context of the unstructured region of Africa that has a long history of intra nation conflicts and other disputes. Secondary research represents a technique that is used extensively as it provides a broad realm of informational possibilities and inputs as well as opinions that might contain and or provide insight and or information that aids in the examination. The shortcoming of the process of utilising secondary research is that the possibility exists that one might be subject to the possible bias of the author whose work was conducted to delve into, prove, understand or make a point. However, secondary research also provides a means to minimise that potential through using and or searching for facts that reveal themselves in more than one source. The preceding duality of data provides some assurance that the information and or information direction has some validity. Powell[27] asserts that the foregoing represents a sane course of research in that secondary sources: are generally plentiful, that in using secondary sources, one needs to exercise care in looking for as well as drawing out pertinent information, that a benefit of secondary research is that large volumes of data can be correlated in a time frame that is reasonable, the expense of obtaining secondary research is extremely beneficial, the broad range of possibilities as offered by the exposure to a wide breathe of information makes secondary research more valuable in that it is easy to verify most information. As is always the case with an upside in any endeavour that are the negative connotations as well. Powell[28] brings forth these areas by advising: In terms of word usage and meaning, the seeming direction of statements can take on a different connotation and or meaning in a specific context or series of contexts than one might be prepared to understand or acknowledge. The aforementioned bias in terms of the source can skew information as indicated. The recommended method to minimise such an occurrence is by comparative information from other sources. The dating and or ageing of information can potentially change the validity of researched data if new developments have changed the outcomes, or data is uncovered later that invalidates conceptions that existed before. Seeking historical and contemporary research to look for consistency with regard to the foregoing aids in minimising dated or information that has lost its relevance. In keeping with the preceding need to ensure that recent information, discoveries and or findings did not or had not changed the conditions of the study, the Internet was utilised to look for potential modifications in approaches, as well as to compare source reliability. The research used quantitative research to a small degree as it helped in the understanding of question components from an historical perspective. Daymon and Holloway[29] advise that quantitative measures tend to have a large-scale approach that focuses on specific factors that are thus looked at in relationship to other data. Given the need to uncover information in a quest for the answer, which at the time of beginning the research was unknown, quantitative research was the only viable course of action. Literature Review In conducting the examination of the historical Background of Rwanda in Section 2.0, a look into the developmental aspects of the country brought forth the progression of events that helped to shape the country up to the 1990s. In order to bring into focus the purpose of this study as represented by to what extent has Rwanda’s involvement in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) been of economically movitated as opposed to military reasons, a brief look into the developmental path of the country from the 1990s is in order. 4.1 Rwanda As brought forth in Section 2.0 Background, the country’s history was shaped by the administrative skills of the Tutsi who took control of the country nearly 400 years ago. That rule lasted until 1 July 1962 that saw the mandated country of Ruanda-Urundi seperated back into Rwanda and Burundi, with the more numberous Hutu’s ruling the country[30]. The civil war that gripped the country in the 1990s was, has has been the history of Africa, and the world, a struggle for power and wealth[31]. Though vastly outnumbered in terms of population, the Hutu were not as organised or bloodthrusty as the Tutsi. A large number of the exiled Tutsi served in the Uganda rebel forces and learned guerilla tactics, thus providing them with needed experience[32]. The preceding provided the foundation for the Rwandan Patriotic Front under Paul Kagame to gain recruits and thus their planned invasion of Rwanda[33]. The fierce fighting for the three year period between 1990 and 1993 prompted a cease fire that became known s the Arusha accord, which was devised to organised a power sharing government to end the civil conflict that had caused the displacement of over 1.5 million Hutus that had been massacred by the Rwandan Patriotic Front[34]. The preceding Arusha accord crumbled as a result of an assassination of the Hutu Burundi president Melchior Ndadaye by Burundian Tutsi in their army[35]. That event spurred a new era of Hutu / Tutsi hatred that caused the accord to crumble. Ensuing events saw the Rwandan Patriotic Front bomb the Rwanda capital of Kigali, as well as assassinate the Hutu president of Rwanda as well as the Hutu president of Burundi by shooting down their jet as it attempted a landing in Kigali[36]. The preceding evnts caused an intensification in the conflict between the Hutu and Tutsi that resulted in the deaths of an estimated 800,000 Tutsis and Hutu moderates[37]. The Tutsi led forces continued their military campaign, capturing the capital and eventually caused over 2 million Hutus to flee the country [38]. The Tutsi dominantion again asserted itself in Rwanda as it took control of the government in 1994 at the end of the civil war and have held power since, The Rwandan Patriotic Front re-wrote the history of its genocide and placed its version of how events transpired into the consitution[39]. 4.2 The Democratic Republic of the Congo The area known as the Democratic Republic of the Congo was inhabited approximately 10,000 years ago, and was settled by the Bantu people from what is now known as Nigeria between the 7th and 8th centuries[40]. The â€Å"†¦ Portuguguese navigator Diego Cao †¦Ã¢â‚¬  discovered the Congo in 1482, and it is well known as the locale that was â€Å"†¦ explored by English journalist Henry Morton Stanley †¦Ã¢â‚¬ [41]. Figure 2 – Democratic Republic of the Congo[42] The Congo was originally given the name Zaire as a result of Diego Cao misspelling the Kilongo term for river[43]. At that time, the Kongo kingdom as it was spelled then[44]: â€Å"†¦stretched from northern Angola to the north bank of the Congo River, in the area now known as Bas Zaire. The kingdom, with its capital at Mbanza Kongo, had a well-established centralized system of government; it was divided into six provinces, each administered by a local governor appointed by the king. Within each province Kongo district chiefs governed in their respective areas, and at the village level headmen were accountable to the district chiefs. The king was elected from the male descendants of the individual who had conquered the area. Although he was a member of the aristocracy and appeared to have absolute power, the king was in fact subject to the control of a council of elders who could depose him.† Soon after Diego Cao’s discovery the Portuguese government established diplomatic relations with the kingdom that fostered socioeconomic exchanges[45]. The influence of that union brought Catholicism to Zaire (The Democratic Republic of the Congo), along with Portuguese customs[46]. The preceding[47].: â€Å"†¦ greatly facilitated development of the slave trade in the region. Slaves purchased from the Kongo provided cheap labour for plantations on nearby Portuguese islands and, subsequently, the Americas† The slave trade escalated into an issue as it depopulated vast areas and also resulted inborder raids thus causing warefare with neighboring tribes[48]. The economics of the slave trade cause fighting within Zaire itself as rival groups fought for dominance[49]. Internal infighting over â€Å"†¦the slave trade undermined political authority and created social stratification in the kingdom† [50]. The history of the Congo was not as politically charged as Rwanda, yet as has been the case in all Afgrican countries, the paths to independence and after have been faught with issues. In addition to the slave trade, there was also the ivory trade that brought Arabs into the Congo fostered the slave trade as well as in ivory[51]. In the late 1950s the subject of decolonialisation was brought up by President Charles de Gaulle for the French colonies in Africa fueling the desire for the same status in the Congo[52]. The Belgians â€Å"†¦were given some indication of the extent of Congolese nationalist feeling when riots broke out in the capital† in 1959[53]. The change in the overall political approach to Africa fostered the offering of free elections in 1960 and resulted in installing â€Å"†¦Patrice Lumumba as prime minister and Joseph Kasavubu as president of the renamed Democratic Republic of the Congo† [54]. Lumumba’s victory was by a narrow margin, with his party gaining just 24% of the 137 seats in the Assembly, thus â€Å"†¦underscoring the fragmentation that existed in party affiliations† [55]. As a result of the foregoing independence did not achieve the expectations that the country dreamed of. Within two weeks of the elections the country plunged into a maj or crisis â€Å"†¦following the mutiny of the former colonial army and the secession of Katanga, its richest province†[56]. The new Democratic Republic of the Congo was suffering its first crisis that lasted for four years and resulted in the deployment of U.N. peacekeeping forces[57]. Patrice Lumumba was assassinated on order from then U.S. president Dwight D. Eisenhower as a result of his strong communist affiliations during the Cold War period[58]. That situation enabled the United States to install their hand picked selection â€Å"†¦ Joseph Desire Mobutu, who later changed his forename to Sese Seko†, who had been a sergeant in the army The preceding was accomplished by a coup d’etat in 1965[59]. Mobutu established a dictatorship that was backed up by his military cronies, as well as the United States, Belgium and France in order to ensure that communist party forces could not regain control of what was now called Zaire[60]. The foregoing alliance was needed as Mobutu faced rebellion â€Å"†¦from armed insurgents seeking to overthrow him† [61]. The arrangement failed in 1997 when the rebels forced Mobutu to flee the country[62]. Nzongola[63] helps us to understand the linkage between Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Zaire) as he advises[64]: â€Å"The insurgency that brought about Mobutus demise is directly related to the 1994 genocide in Rwanda, the defining moment of the current political situation in the Great Lakes region. Like the ethnic cleansing in the Katanga and Kivu provinces of Mobutus Zaire, the Rwandan genocide was partly a result of the violent backlash of authoritarian regimes against the democracy movement. In the Rwanda case, the late President Juvenal Habyarimana, a Hutu, had been in power since 1973. During 20 years of personal rule, he steadfastly refused to allow Tutsi victims of the 1959 pogrom and subsequent violence, who were in exile in neighbouring countries, to return home. Under the leadership of the Rwandese Patriotic Front (RPF), the Tutsi diaspora in Uganda launched a military campaign to overthrow the Habyarimana regime in October 1990. France, Belgium and Mobutus Zaire came to the dictators rescue and prevented an RPF victory.† The background history on Rwanda, in terms of the Arusha Peace Agreement that was signed on 4 August 1993, brings these two countries developmental path into closer proximity [65]. The Congo shares part of its border with Rwanda, thus affording the Tutsi a location as a rallying point for raids and attacks. Nzongola tells us[66]: â€Å"In this situation, the disintegration of the Mobutu regime provided Rwanda with an opportunity to make incursions into the Kivu provinces in order to destroy the bases of the ex-FAR and the Interahamwe, beginning in August 1996. When it appeared that the Mobutu regime was militarily incapable of challenging these incursions, Rwanda and Uganda assembled a coalition of states in Eastern and Southern Africa including Angola, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Namibia, Tanzania and Zimbabwe with the objective of getting rid of Mobutu altogether.† 4.3 Common Histories Between the Two Countries The preceding historical summaries of the violent regimes in Rwanda and the Congo have a commonality, control of these respective countries. The series of conflicts in Rwanda has resulted in large refugee populations in its neighbouring countries, with the Democratic Republic of the Congo receiving the largest number of them since the genocide of 1994[67]. The displaced persons formed the foundation for the long series of conflicts in Rwanda that â€Å"†¦has had a destabilizing effect on the entire Great Lakes region, including Rwanda[68]. As set forth in Chapter 2.0 Background, the Hutus comprise approximately 85% of the Rwandan population as farmers. One of the economic problems that has and does face the country is the scarcity of land for agriculture, along with access to resources[69]. The problem has caused cultivation to encroach on wetlands as well as reserve and national park areas in order to met the demands of the poor, with the large numbers of displaced Rwandans pl acing stress on areas such as forests and other ecologically sensitive areas[70]. Given the 85% agriculturally based Hutu population in Rwanda, land scarcity represents an issue that has plagued the country since the 1980s, which has been further exacerbated by the Tutsi / Hutu conflicts. As one of the most densely populated countries in Africa, Rwanda’s land shortage problem has been an historical facet[71]. An example of the dwindling land space in Rwanda is evidenced by the fact that the average land held by household in the country has decreased from 2 ha in 1960, down to 1.2 ha in 1984, dropping to 0.7 ha in the beginning of the 1990s, and as of 2001 just under 60% of all Rwandan household held less than 0.5 ha [72]. The country has an overall area of 26,338 square km, and a population of approximately 8 million that translates into a population density of approximately 300 people per kilometre[73]. Of the foregoing overall land total 1.3 million hectares is estimated as arable, with 165,000 hectares of marshlands, of which an estimated 50% is suitable for agriculture. Agriculture is the cornerstone of the Rwandan economy, and occupies over 90% of the country’s rural area [74]. The preceding foundation, agriculture and the economy, is fraught with issues as represented by[75]: The country has a high density of population that puts extreme pressures on land area and usage. The average cultivation plot per household is around 0.6 ha, which is below the 0.9 ha as recommended by the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. The preceding conditions have led to the over utilisation of the land, made more problematic by the lack of proper crop rotation techniques and nutrient use thus leading to continued degradation. The lack of the foregoing as well as conservation methods and proper equipment has further exacerbated the problem. The genocide of 1994 is still impacting land use and agriculture in that plots left to orphans and widows by family members who are deceased has not been managed properly. The land system in Rwanda is controlled under customary law that is skewed towards the partitioning of land via a father to son inheritance system. The preceding, inheritance system, makes the land system unfavorable to women as well as female children. The poverty level of the country means that agricultural are backward, lacking proper equipment, use of nutrients and crop rotation techniques. The preceding are known problems, which the Rwandan government has addressed through the following reform measures[76]: Institutions such as the Ministry of Lands, along with the Human Settlement as well as environmental Protection policies have been established since 1999. The country has moved to develop a National land Policy as well as Land Law that are dedicated to promote the use of good land management. The main innovations under the later are represented by a new legal framework that regulates the registration of land, along with the delivery of its title through a leasehold period of 99 years. It also includes a framework that regulates land planning. Under consideration is a proposal that utilises a centrally based and computerized National Land Information System to facilitate an accurate as well as complete land database through which effective land management can be put into place. The foregoing includes district centres to gather information through survey and documentation of titles, as well as closer liaison in terms of overseeing and delivering land management procedures and utilisation. Limited natural resources in Rwanda, as represented by columbite-tantalite, cassiterite, and wolframite are the most important minerals, followed by small deposits of gold and sapphires[77]. Agriculture represents 43% of the country’s economy, which primarily consists of coffee and tea exports that have yet to return to the pre 1996 genocide levels[78]. The country’s agricultural system is comprised primarily of small family farms that keep approximately 80% of their output for their own consumption, thus leaving little for export[79]. Typical family farm growth crops consists of bananas 62.5%, sweet potatoes – 17.9%, Cassava – 4.5%, Irish potatoes – 4.3%, beans and peas – 3.9%, sorghum – 2.9%, maize – 1.4% along with wheat, soya and groundnuts[80]. In total, the planted areas still represent 87% of the 1994 levels[81]. Economically the country achieved a growth rate of 6.6% in the